Law is the system of rules and regulations governing a particular society or community. It governs a wide variety of topics including human rights, crime, trade and property. Its broad scope and ever-evolving nature underscore its importance in a society. The precise definition of law remains a subject of debate, with the concept incorporating varying notions of justice, morality and reason. The history of law provides insights into documenting adjustments and justifications throughout the evolution of different civilizations.
Laws can be created by legislature, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or by judges through precedent (the “doctrine of stare decisis”). In some jurisdictions, such as in civil law systems, private individuals may also create legally binding contracts.
The purpose of laws varies according to the political ideology and culture of a state or country. For example, an authoritarian government may impose peace and maintain the status quo but could also oppress minorities and limit social change. In contrast, a constitutional democracy may promote individual rights and allow for peaceful social change. The legal system of a nation is largely determined by its constitution, written or unwritten, and the rights encoded therein.
In the context of an organization, it may refer to the set of rules that defines the responsibilities and duties of employees. It may also refer to the procedures and guidelines for settling disputes, such as grievances or sexual harassment allegations. Laws can also regulate the conduct of a business, such as contract, employment and tax laws.
A law may also be a group of ideas or beliefs that binds the members of an association. It can be a moral code or a set of values that a group adheres to. In some cultures, this can include religions such as Christianity or Islam. In others, it can be a culturally accepted set of principles such as honesty or fairness.
The word “law” can also be used more generally to refer to the practice of the law, as in Zola’s desire to become a lawyer. The word can also be a verb, meaning to act in accordance with the law or follow a rule. To be “a law to / unto oneself” is to follow one’s own inclinations and rules, or to be independent of established mores. To be a “law-breaker” is to ignore the law. The legal profession has developed many specialized fields, including criminal, constitutional, family, international and commercial law. Each of these disciplines has its own terminology and methods of study. A lawyer is a professional who is licensed to practise law by the government or by an independent regulating body such as a bar association, bar council or law society. A lawyer must pass a qualifying examination and complete a period of training to be admitted to the bar. Lawyers must comply with ethical codes to maintain professionalism. They may also specialise in a particular field or practice area such as employment law, divorce or personal injury.